Edurete.org

BATWA o TWA
Los pequeños grupos de pigmeos BaTwa están considerados como los descendientes de los primeros pobladores de las tierras en que hoy se encuentran diseminados.

Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
*
http://www.ikuska.com/Africa/Etnologia/Pueblos/Twa/index.htm

L'INTOLLERANZA RAZZIALE ANTIEBRAICA

mappa
Segnalato da: Giovanni Lauretta
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http://www.edurete.org/public/upload/MAPPA INTOLLERANZA DEFINITIVA2.htm

Mappa concettuale sul Diritto Internazionale Umanitario
Questa mappa consente di visualizzare le differenze tra concetti che possono creare confusione quali:
Diritto Internazionale Umanitario
Diritto Internazionale
Diritto Bellico
Segnalato da: Serena Covella
**
http://www.edurete.org/public/upload/percorso_storico.html

TUTSI
Hace 400 años, los Tutsi (Batutsi en plural), procedentes, probablemente, de Etiopía, emigraron con sus manadas de ganado a los alrededores del Lago Kivu. Aquí establecieron sus reinos feudales, gobernados por un mwami (rey) de origen divino, con las poblaciomes conquistadas (hutu) como siervos. A lo largo de estos siglos, la convivencia, las mismas creencias religiosaslos, los casamientos mixtos y las leyes que favorecían un criterio económico para la distinción entre tutsi y hutu, es dificil hablar de los tutsi como pueblo y sería más correcto tal vez considerarlos como una clase social
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
*
http://www.ikuska.com/Africa/Etnologia/Pueblos/Tutsi/index.htm

HUTU
Entre los siglos XVII y XX formaron parte de varios reinos muy estratificados. Tanto en Uganda como en Ruanda y Burundi los hutu constituyeron la clase baja, esclavos o siervos, según las épocas, de unos reinos gobernados por la etnia Tutsi sobre los Hutu "campesinos" y cazadores Twa. Casi hasta el presente mantuvieron estructuras semi-feudales.
El poder de estos reinos estaba basado, además de en una jerarquía y funcionariado muy disciplinado, en el mantenimiento de unas milicias fuertes y fieles a la autoridad real. Estas milicias formadas por personas Tutsi serían más tarde incorporadas a los ejércitos regulares de los estados modernos. Estas milicias ofrecieron un sentido corporativo fuerte y vinieron a jugar papeles económicos y sociales importantes además de sus deberes militares. Además, las milicias tenían una vida cultural muy activa.

Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
*
http://www.ikuska.com/Africa/Etnologia/Pueblos/Hutu/index.htm

Diritti umani: percorso storico (1)
Percorso storico sui diritti umani e diritto bellico dall'antichità alla Prima Convenzone di Ginevra (1864)
Segnalato da: Serena Covella
**
http://www.edurete.org/public/upload/diritto_bellico_Pstorico.hta

Diritto Internazionale Umanitario
Un percorso storico: dall'antichità al 1864 che mette in relazione gli sviluppi in materia di diritti umani e diritto bellico
Segnalato da: Serena Covella
**
http://www.edurete.org/public/upload/diritto_bellico_Pstorico.html

Pre-Colonial Rwanda
Generally, historians are divided on the origins of Rwanda ’s three ethnic groups, Bahutu, Batutsi and Batwa. However, they are agreed that pre-colonial Rwanda was highly organized and had a centralized system of administration. The kingdom was presided over by Umwami (King) from mainly the Nyiginya clan of the Tutsi sub-group.
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
**
http://www.rwandagateway.org/article.php3?id_article=114

L'INTOLLERANZA RAZZIALE ANTIEBRAICA

mappa
Segnalato da: GIOVANNI LAURETTA
*
http://www.edurete.org/public/upload/MAPPA INTOLLERANZA DEFINITIVA3.htm

THE RWANDA HISTORY

[ Pre-Colonial ] [ The armed struggle ] [ Genocide ] [ Eight years of progress ]

PRE-COLONIAL:

Pre-colonial Rwanda was a highly centralized Kingdom presided over by Tutsi kings who hailed from one one ruling clan. The king ruled throught three categories of chiefs: cattle chiefs; land chiefs; and military chiefs. The chiefs were predominantly, but not exclusively, Batutsi, especially the cattle and military chiefs. While the relationship between the king and the rest of the population was unequal, the relationship between the ordinary Bahutu, Batutsi and Batwa was one of mutual benefit mainly through the exchange of their labour. The relationship was symbiotic. A clientele system called "Ubuhake" permeated the whole society.

COLONIAL:

In 1899 Rwanda became a German colony. After the defeat of the germans during WW1, subsequently in 1919 Rwanda became a mandate territory of the League of Nations under the administration of Belgium. The Germans and the belgians administered Rwanda through a system of indirect rule. During this colonial era, a cash crop economy was introduced in Rwanda, and this was administered through harsh methods that further alienated the King and his chiefs from the rest of the population.

In 1935 the Belgian colonial administration introduced a discriminatory national identification on the basis of ethnicity. Banyarwanda who possessed ten or more cows were registered as Batutsi wheras those with less were registered as Bahutu. At first, the belgian authorities, for political and practical reasons, favoured the King and his chiefs, who were mostly a Batutsi ruling elite. When the demand for independence began, mainly by a political party - Union Nationale Rwandaise (UNAR) - formed by people from the aforementioned ruling elite, the Belgian authorities hastily nurtured another party called PARMEHUTU that was founded on a sectarian ethnic ideology. Under the Belgian supervision, the first massacres of Batutsi at the hands of the PARMEHUTU occured in 1959. With Belgian connivance, PARMEHUTU abolished the monarchy amidst widespread violence. On July 1st, 1962 Belgium granted formal political independence to Rwanda.

POST-INDEPENDENCE:

From 1959 onwards, the population of Batutsi was targeted, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths, and a population of almost two million Rwandese people in the Diaspora that was to last almost four decades.

The First Republic, under President Gregoire Kayibanda, institutionalised discrimination against Batutsi and periodically used massacres against this targeted population as a means of maintaining the status quo. some Rwandese groups in the diaspora attempted, without success to stage a comeback through armed means.

In 1965 Rwanda was declared a one-party state under MDR/PARMEHUTU, which was the architect of the racist ideology that was to be consolidated in the Second Republic under President Major General Juvenal Habyarimana.

In 1973 President Kayibanda was deposed in a coup d'etat that brought Major General Habyarimana to power. Subsequently, President Kayibanda and many prominent politicians of the First Republic were killed. More Batutsi were killed.

In 1975 President Habyarimana formed the Mouvement Revolutionaire Natinale pour le Developpement (MRND), a single ruling party that was to promulgate in 1978 a sham constitution that repeatedly returned him to office by organising "elections" in which he was the sole candidate.

Both the First and second Republics repeatedly stated that Rwanda was a small, overpopulated country that could not accomodate Rwandese refugees if they were to return. Increasingly, the population across the ethnic lines was marginalised and impoverished while Habyarimana's regime became more violently intolerant. The divisions within the ruling Bahutu clique that culminated in the coup d'etat of 1973 became more heightened in the 1970s and 1980s when the clique talked of Bahutu of the north and Bahutu of the south. Political activities remained banned.

THE RWANDESE PATRIOTIC FRONT (RPF):

Against a backdrop of entrenched divisive and genocidal ideology, repeated massacres, the persistent problems of refugees in the Diaspora, and the lack of avenues for peaceful political change, the Rwandese Alliance for National Unity (RANU) was formed in 1979 by some Rwandese in the Diaspora with an objective of mobilising Rwandese people to resolve these problems. Almost a decade later, in 1987, RANU became the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), whose objectives were:

To promote national unity and reconciliation;
To establish genuine democracy;
To provide security for all Rwandese;
To build an integrated and self-sustaining economy;
To eradicate corruption in all forms
To repatriate and resettle Rwandese refugees;
To devise and implement policies that promote the social welfare of all Rwandese and;
To pursue a foreign policy based on equality, peaceful co-existence and mutual benefit between Rwanda and other countries.
THE ARMED STRUGGLE:

Most of the world had never heard of the RPF until October 1st, 1990 - the day the war of liberation against the military dictatorship in Kigali began.

Taking up arms was not an easy decision to make. War has always been the last option in the consideration of the RPF. However, all efforts for peaceful and democratic change in our country had so far proved futile.

It had become apparent that only by taking up arms could anyone wishing to put an end to the dictatorship and the violation of our peoples' fundamental rights hope to succeed. The regime had ammassed a huge coercive state machinery using violence to oppress the people. The taking up of arms against the regime was therefore considered not just a right, but also a patriotic and national obligation.

When the war began, Rwandese peasants and workers, students and intellectuals, men and women from every region and "ethnic" or social group, responded to the call of the Rwandese Patriotic Front to rid our country of dictatorship.

With the beginning of the armed struggle, France, Belgium, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (then Zaire) hurriedly dispatched troops to Rwanda to support the dictatorial regime.

THE SEARCH FOR PEACE:

As the war for liberation escalated, RPF still attempted to seek peaceful ways of resolving the conflict. On March 29th, 1991, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the RPF and the then Government of Rwanda signed the N'sele Ceasefire Agreement which provided for, among other things, cessation of hostilities, withdrawal of foreign troops, exchange of prisoners of war and finally, seriuos political negotiations to end the conflict. immediately after signing the agreement, the Government of Rwanda ridiculed the said agreement as the war intensified.

As the regime became more desperate, massacres of Batutsi in various parts of the country became widespread in a delibrate effort of ethnic cleansing. The regime used violence to harass and silence the emerging internal political opposition. Violence was also used to derail the peace process. After a long period of negotiation that took place in arusha, tanzania, the Arusha Peace Agreement was signed on August 4th, 1993.

The Arusha Peace Agreement was preceeded by the signing of the agreement on a new ceasefire, as well as parties agreeing on the following principles:

That there was neither democracy nor the practice of the rule of law in Rwanda;
That a broad-based government of national unity, including parties of different political persuasions was necessary to oversee the transition to democracy;
That the rwandese army was not national in character and that it was necessary to set up a truly national army from among members of the two existing armies;and
That Rwandese refugees have a legitimate inalienable right to return home.
THE ARUSHA PEACE AGREEMENT:

The Arusha Peace Agreement was structured around five pillars:

The establishment of the rule of law;
Power-sharing
Repatriation and resettlement of refugees and internally displaced people;
The integration of armed forces;and
Other miscellaneous provisions.
It was particularly the power-sharing arrangements that threatened members of the regime. The Arucha Peace Agreement threatened the basis of their power and privilege, which they had so far enjoyed without serious challenge. Given the fact that they had always relied on the army as the instrument of maintaining their grip on power at any cost, it is clear why they were very opposed to the idea of integration of the armed forces.

The Arusha Peace Agreement was signed on August 4th, 1993 and was supposed to have been implemented within 37 days, beginning with the establishment of the institutions of the presidency, cabinet and the National Assembly. A United Nations force was supposed to oversee this process. RPF honoured all its commitments when in December 1993 it sent 600 of its troops to Kigali, as well as members of the Executive who were supposed to be members of the transitional government. The mind of the regime on the other hand, was focused on the preparation for genocide.

The Arusha Peace Agreement was never implemented although its principal provisions now constitute the Fundamental Law of the Republic of Rwanda.

The first massacres in Rwanda took place in 1959. Thereafter, almost in a regular manner, killings of the Batutsi became a habit. In the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s massacres of Batutsi were common. Between April and July 1994, over 1 million Rwandese people, mainly Batutsi and some Bahutu opposition were killed by the genocidal regime.

Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
*
http://www.gov.rw/government/historyf.html

L'INTOLLERANZA RAZZIALE ANTIEBRAICA

mappa
Segnalato da: GIOVANNI LAURETTA
*
http://www.edurete.org/public/upload/mappa intolleranza definitiva4.htm

VIOLENCE EN AFRIQUE DES GRANDS LACS
Pour l’Afrique et singulièrement pour la région des Grands Lacs, deux mythes idéologiques ont été cultivés et n’ont pas encore cessé de faire des ravages : il s’agit du mythe des origines et de celui du tutsi-hamite, et plus récemment du tutsi juif
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://www.arib.info/LazareNdayongeje_IdeologieHamique_16082004.htm

L'INTOLLERANZA RAZZIALE ANTIEBRAICA

mappa
Segnalato da: GIOVANNI LAURETTA
*
http://www.edurete.org/public/upload/mappa intolleranza definitiva5.htm

Une brève histoire du Rwanda
Jusqu'en 1895, le Rwanda était un royaume centralisé dirigé par une succession des rois Tutsis. Le roi régnait sur les trois groupes ethniques qui ont peuplé la région, les Batutsi, les Bahutu et les Batwa, groupes aujourd'hui désignés sous les noms de Tutsis, Hutus et Twas. La population du Rwanda se réfère dans l'ensemble comme Banyarwanda
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
**
http://www.ukuli.org/infos.html

La storia del Rwanda
Inizialmente abitato dalla popolazione pigmoide dei twa, il territorio del Ruanda fu in seguito occupato dagli hutu, agricoltori provenienti dal bacino del Congo. Nei secoli XIII e XIV i tutsi, pastori di origine camita provenienti dall'Etiopia, sottomisero gradualmente twa e hutu imponendo un sistema feudale (ubuhake) e una classe dominante capeggiata da un monarca assoluto denominato mwami.

Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
**
http://www.terrapatria.org/old/doc-rw2.htm

L'INTOLLERANZA RAZZIALE ANTIEBRAICA

l'atmosfera
Segnalato da: GIOVANNI LAURETTA
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere

Acidi Grassi
immagine olio
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http://www.sancarlo.it/common/imgpub/etichetta_grassi.jpg

Biografia di Pasteur
Biografia di Louis Pasteur e principali scoperte che egli fece nel corso della sua vita e dei suoi molteplici studi
Segnalato da: Micol Annovazzi
*
http://www.nonsolobiografie.it/biografia_louis_pasteur.html

Biografia di Pasteur
Sito per ragazzi con la biografia di Louis Pasteur e principali scoperte che egli fece nel corso della sua vita e dei suoi molteplici studi
Segnalato da: Micol Annovazzi
*
http://www.minerva.unito.it/Storia/PerRagazzi/PasteurVino.htm

Biografia di Pasteur
biografia di Louis Pasteur e principali scoperte che egli fece nel corso della sua vita e dei suoi molteplici studi
Segnalato da: Micol Annovazzi
*
http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur

storia della microbiologia
Breve storia della microbiologia tramite gli studi e le vite degli uomini che le hanno dato lustro
Segnalato da: Micol Annovazzi
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http://www.pacifici-net.it/biologia/Microbiologia/Storia%20della%20microbiologia.htm

istituto pasteur
Sito dell'Istituto di ricerca fondato da Pasteur e tutt'ora esistente ed operativo
Segnalato da: Micol Annovazzi
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http://www.istitutopasteur.it/

Filtrazione, pastorizzazione e confezionamento della birra
Il sito tratta di procedimenti da mettere in atto per ottenere la pulizia della birra.
Segnalato da: Micol Annovazzi
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http://www.mrbeer.it/produzione-birra/produzione7.htm

produzione della birra
Il sito tratta di procedimenti da mettere in atto per produrre la birra.
Segnalato da: Micol Annovazzi
*
http://www.mondobirra.org/comesifa.htm

produzione della birra
Il sito tratta di procedimenti da mettere in atto per produrre la birra.
Segnalato da: Germana Panattaro
*
http://books.google.com/books?id=-I-uec-ppeQC&pg=PA592&lpg=PA592&dq=pastorizzazione+birra&source=web&ots=RjCnZ9Ky8d&sig=Z5aoRYkpFkPFmNXDkPPP4HHNbKE#PPA590,M1

dizionario della birra
Dizionario dei principali termini birrari
Segnalato da: Germana Panattaro
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http://www.birramia.it/doc/dizionario.htm

aromatizzazione della birra
Procedimenti per ottenere una birra aromatizzata in modi diverso (frutta, spezie, ecc)
Segnalato da: Germana Panattaro
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http://www.maxbeer.org/ita/birre-alla-frutta.htm

chimica della birra
CAratteristiche e componenti aromatiche della birra e peculiarità organolettiche di questa bevanda
Segnalato da: Germana Panattaro
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http://www.mrbeer.it/approfondimenti-birra/diacetile-birra.htm

Alterazioni del vino
Il sito presenta le principali alterazioni che si possono presentare nel vino
Segnalato da: Germana Panattaro
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http://www.vinit.net/press/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2017

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