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Production of human milk
Milk is produced in small sac-like glands (alveoli) in the breast. These sacs develop after specific hormonal (estrogen, progesterone, pituitary prolactin, and placental lactogen) stimulation that begins at four to six months (second trimester) of pregnancy.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.utmedicalcenter.org/adam/pregnancy%20center/14/000115.htm

Production of human milk
La composition du lait varie au fil des mois et s'adapte à la croissance, l'évolution et l'environnement de chaque enfant.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://assoc.ipa.free.fr/allaiter/physiologie.htm

Production of human milk
Le lait est sécrété par la glande mammaire. Ici le mécanisme de cette sécrétion.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.vulgaris-medical.com/encyclopedie/lait-maternel-fabrication-8366.html

Production of human milk
Die Milchproduktion wird in den ersten 24 bis 48 Stunden nach der Geburt richtig in Gang gesetzt. Wissenschaftlich gesprochen heißt diese Phase Laktogenese. Sobald die hormonproduzierende Plazenta ausgestoßen wird, fällt plötzlich der Östrogen- und der Progesteronspiegel des Körpers. Gleichzeitig steigt die Menge des Hormons Prolaktin an.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.babycenter.at/baby/stillen/milchproduktion/

Production of human milk
Die Muttermilch ist in verschiedenen Stadien unterschiedlich zusammengesetzt und den jeweiligen Bedürfnissen des Kindes ideal angepaßt. Es werden drei Phase der Milchzusammensetzung unterschieden.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.gynaktuell.de/text.php3?thema=10&artikel=26&seq=1&la=de

Chemical composition of human colostrum
Milk triglycerides from colostrum, transitional and mature human milk, were analyzed and compared in order to determine the differences in triacylglycerol composition throughout lactation.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v54/n12/abs/1601096a.html

Chemical composition of human colostrum
Vitamin C content in human milk (colostrum, transitional and mature) and serum of a sample of Bangladeshi mothers is compared.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://myais.fsktm.um.edu.my/2748/1/march04_article1_luthfor.pdf

Chemical composition of human colostrum
Colostrum has evolved in nature as a nutritional supplement that is fed to the newborn by its mother during a short period after birth. Its natural evolution can be shown to follow a path that meets the immediate demands of the newborn and, since most species of mammals develop at different rates and have different nutritional requirements, the colostrum and follow-on milk of each species has a different composition. The composition of bovine colostrum is quite different from the colostrum produced by humans.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://immunetreesa.co.za/node/104

Chemical composition of human colostrum
In humans, colostrum has high concentrations of nutrients and antibodies, but it is small in quantity. Colostrum is high in carbohydrates, high in protein, high in antibodies, and low in fat (as human newborns may find fat difficult to digest).

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/c/colostrum.htm

Chemical composition of human colostrum
Nei primi giorni dopo il parto le mammelle producono un liquido denso di colore giallastro, il colostro. Si tratta di una sostanza con potere nutrizionale elevatissimo, che contiene anticorpi in grado di difendere il piccolo dalle infezioni per alcuni mesi.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.educazioneallasalute.net/Allattamento.pdf

Chemical composition of human colostrum
Cet article fait le point sur les caractéristiques nutritionnelles du lait humain et sur les facteurs qui l'influencent.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.lllfrance.org/allaitement-information/doc/etude_nutriments_lm.htm

Chemical composition of human colostrum
La concentration en oligoélements est plus élevée dans le colostrum que le lait mature. Les leucocytes aussi sont normalement présents en quantités plus importante dans le colostrum que dans le lait mature. Contrairement au lait de vache, riche en IgG, le lait humain et surtout le colostrum est riche en IgAs qui n'ont pas de rôle nutritionnel.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.one.be/docs/DOSSIERS/allaitement%20maternel.htm

Chemical composition of human colostrum
Die wichtigsten Bestandteile des Kolostrums können unten in vier Hauptkategorien im Allgemeinen gebrochen werden: Wachstumfaktoren, Faktoren des immunen Systems, cytokinevorläufer oder Prolin-Reiche Polypeptide und Ernährungsbestandteile.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.advancedproteinsystems.com/faq_g.html

Chemical composition of breast milk
This paper describes the immunologic components of human milk, in particular the antinfective and immunomodulatory factors.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.haematologicareports.org/2006/10/27.pdf

Chemical composition of breast milk
Breast milk, which is 90% water, consists of: nutrient proteins, non-protein nitrogen compounds, lipids, oligosaccharides, vitamins, minerals, hormones, enzymes, growth factors and protective agents. It has 10% solids for energy and growth.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://breastfeeding.about.com/od/breastfeedingbasics/p/bmcontent.htm

Chemical composition of breast milk
Thanks to scientists and baby-formula manufacturers, the nutritional composition of breast milk has been de-mystified. So what exactly is in breast milk to make it the "perfect food" for babies?

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.breastfeeding-mom.com/nutritional-composition-of-breast-milk.html

Chemical composition of breast milk
Nutritional and physiologic significance of human milk proteins: human milk contains a wide variety of proteins that contribute to its unique qualities. Many of these proteins are digested and provide a well-balanced source of amino acids to rapidly growing infants.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/77/6/1537S#R1

Chemical composition of breast milk
This site describes the chemical and physical properties of the components of cow’s milk and the effects of pasteurization on these compounds.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.milkfacts.info/Milk%20Composition/Milk%20Composition%20Page.htm

Chemical composition of breast milk
La maggior parte dei componenti del latte materno svolge un duplice ruolo: essi infatti sono una fonte da un lato di nutrienti specifici e di promotori della maturazione della funzionalità gastro-intestinale, dall’altro di difesa immunitaria nei confronti di batteri e virus.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.centralelatte.torino.it/ita/mammebimbi/content/pdf/latte_dieta_bambino.pdf

Chemical composition of breast milk
L’articolo esamina nel dettaglio le differenze nella composizione chimica di latte materno e latte vaccino.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.educazioneallasalute.net/DIFFERENZE%20TRA%20LATTE%20MATERNO%20E%20LATTE%20VACCINO%203.pdf

Chemical composition of breast milk
On compare la composition du lait maternel à celle du lait de vache, pour les principaux constituants protéiques, glucidiques et lipidiques, vitamines et minéraux.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.nutramag.info/monographies/massol.html#L2

Chemical composition of breast milk
Caractéristiques physico-chimiques du lait humain.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.fao.org/docrep/T4280F/T4280F00.htm#Contents

Chemical composition of breast milk
Die Zusammensetzung der Muttermilch und die Konzentration der einzelnen Bestandteile variiert je nach dem Ernährungszustand der Mutter, der Entwicklungsphase des Kindes, den Jahreszeiten sowie verschiedenen anderen Faktoren. Muttermilch enthält im Vergleich zu Kuhmilch weniger Eiweiß, mehr Kohlenhydrate und etwas mehr Fett.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.qualimedic.de/brust_stillen.html

Chemical composition of breast milk
Die Konzentrationen der einzelnen Stoffe in Muttermilch sind nicht konstant, sondern werden ständig angepasst, vom Kolostrum zur reifen Milch, von wässriger im Sommer zu energiereicher im Winter, nach der Entwicklungsphase des Kindes, von Tag zu Tag, von Mahlzeit zu Mahlzeit, zur Sättigung während einer Mahlzeit, bei Krankheit. Jedes Kind bekommt seine eigene, nur für es selbst bestimmte Milch.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.rabeneltern.org/stillen/wissenswertes/bergmann.shtml

Chemical composition of breast milk
Neben wertvollen Nähr- und Vitalstoffen, wie Vitamine, Mineralstoffe, Spurenelemente, essentielle Fettsäuren, Milchzucker (Lactose) und Proteine, hat die Muttermilch noch weitaus mehr komplexe Substanzen zu bieten. Es sind über 200 verschiedene Bestandteile in der Muttermilch auffindbar. Die Milch ist bei allen stillenden Frauen aus denselben Stoffen zusammengesetzt.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.gesundheits-lexikon.com/Schwangerschaft-Stillphase/Ernaehrung-mit-der-Muttermilch/

Benefits of breast milk
Considerable advances have occurred in recent years in the scientific knowledge of the benefits of breastfeeding, the mechanisms underlying these benefits, and in the clinical management of breastfeeding.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;115/2/496#SEC10

Benefits of breast milk
This site includes a compilation of various medical studies on the advantages of breastfeeding.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.breastfeeding.com/all_about/all_about_more.html

Benefits of breast milk
La plupart des gens savent que l'allaitement maternel est ce qu'il y a de mieux pour le nouveau-né. Par contre, moins de personnes savent que l'allaitement est bon pour la santé de la mère.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.infactcanada.ca/french1.htm

Benefits of breast milk
Article publié par le Bulletin of the World Health Organization: «Importance du lait maternel dans l’alimentationdes jeunes enfants dans l’ouest du Kenya».

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/028to036.pdf

Benefits of breast milk
Bienfaits de l’allaitement maternel puor le bébé et pour la mére.

Segnalato da: Cecilia Giordano
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http://www.mamancherie.ca/fr/info/benefits_breastfeeding.htm


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