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Periodo colonial de Rwanda
En la Conferencia de Berlín (1884-1885), los territorios de Ruanda y Burundi (entonces llamada Urundi), así como de Tanzania, configuraron la denominada África Oriental Alemana. Los soberanos indígenas mantuvieron buenas relaciones con las autoridades coloniales alemanas, al igual que con las de Bélgica, que ocupó el área durante la I Guerra Mundial (1914-1918)
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761560996_5/ruanda.html
El radio RTLM en Rwanda
El primer punto a notar es que el RTLM no era una estación de radio ordinaria que cubría las posiciones extremas de otros. Era un instrumento de los extremistas Hutu que planearon e instigaron el asesinato masivo de Tutsis. De ahí que no sea un asunto directamente relevante para efectos de la cobertura de campañas, donde se pueden hacer afirmaciones extremas y luego difundirlas a través de los medios noticiosos.


Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://www.aceproject.org/main/espanol/me/mey07.htm
AUSCHWITZ
The former concentration camp Auschwitz is located in a swampy area, about 60 kilometres from Cracow. The location - favourably situated as regards transport facilities - seemed adequate to the SS, and so they chose former Austrian imperial barracks for the site of a concentration camp.
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://www.wsg-hist.uni-linz.ac.at/Auschwitz/html/Allgem-Infos.html
Genocide in Rwanda
Most of the Rwandan population belong to the Hutu ethnic group, traditionally crop-growers. For many centuries Rwanda attracted Tutsis - traditionally herdsmen - from northern Africa. For 600 years the two groups shared the business of farming, essential for survival, between them. They have also shared their language, their culture, and their nationality. There have been many intermarriages.




Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://www.ppu.org.uk/genocide/g_rwanda.html
The US and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994
Despite overwhelming evidence of genocide and knowledge as to its perpetrators, United States officials decided against taking a leading role in confronting the slaughter in Rwanda.  Rather, US officials confined themselves to public statements, diplomatic demarches, initiatives for a ceasefire, and attempts to contact both the interim government perpetrating the killing and the RPF.  The US did use its influence, however, at the United Nations, but did so to discourage a robust UN response (Document 4 and Document 13).  In late July, however, with the evidence of genocide littering the ground in Rwanda, the US did launch substantial operations—again, in a supporting role—to assist humanitarian relief efforts for those displaced by the genocide.





Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/index.html
History of Rwanda in XX century
In 1959, civil war erupted between the Tutsi and the Hutu; the Tutsi king and thousands of other Tutsi fled. Rwanda was declared a republic in January of 1961 and became independent from Belgium on 1 July 1962 under its new Hutu leaders. In 1963, a raid launched from Burundi by Tutsi exiles brought severe reprisals against Tutsi within Rwanda. A military coup occurred in 1973. The new government pledged to end to tribal hostility, but the Hutu monopoly of power continued. A new constitution was introduced in 1978 and elections were held in 1981.
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://users.erols.com/kurrency/rw.htm
The civil war in Rwanda
The recent violence within Rwanda had its origins in the October 1990 attack by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) from their bases in Uganda. Predominantly of Tutsi origin, many of the members of the RPF were refugees, or descendants of refugees, who fled Rwanda during the postcolonial establishment of a Hutu-dominated government in the early 1960s. The RPF proved to be a skilled fighting force; its leadership and soldiers had gained valuable military experience fighting with Yoweri Museveni's National Resistance Army in western Uganda. After the expatriates from Rwanda participated in the successful overthrow of Ugandan leader Milton Obote in 1985, they created the RPF.
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://www.library.utoronto.ca/pcs/eps/rwanda/rwanda1.htm
The propaganda in Rwanda
How is it possible that media messages can convince people to commit atrocities, in some cases against their neighbors? What are the messages that were powerful enough to incite the genocide of Tutsis in Rwanda, the Holocaust, and the widespread murder, rape and torture of Muslims, Croatians, and Albanians in the Balkan conflict? What follows is an analysis of seven messages that consistently appear in the fiercest and most thorough campaigns of hate propaganda.
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://gseweb.harvard.edu/~t656_web/peace/Articles_Spring_2004/Belman_Jonathan_hate_propaganda.htm
The victims of genocide in Rwanda
During the 1994 genocide, Rwandan women were subjected to sexual violence on a massive scale, perpetrated by members of the infamous Hutu militia groups known as the Interahamwe, by other civilians, and by soldiers of the Rwandan Armed Forces (Forces Armées Rwandaises, FAR), including the Presidential Guard. Administrative, military and political leaders at the national and local levels, as well as heads of militia, directed or encouraged both the killings and sexual violence to further their political goal: the destruction of the Tutsi as a group. They therefore bear responsibility for these abuses
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Rwanda.htm
The mission of United Nations in Rwanda
In support of resumption of the negotiations, Rwanda and Uganda, in separate letters to the President of the Security Council on 22 February 1993, called for the deployment of United Nations military observers along the 150-kilometre common border in order to prevent the military use of the area, especially the transportation of military supplies. RPF control of the border has been extensive. Following consultations in the Security Council on 24 February concerning these letters, the Secretary-General decided to send a goodwill mission to Rwanda and Uganda.
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://www.gmu.edu/departments/t-po/peace/unomur.html
The conflict in Rwanda
The conflict in Rwanda is not a tribal conflict, nor fundamentally an ethnic conflict between the majority Hutu and minority Tutsi, according to the Southern Ontario—based Rwandan Relief Committee. The group characterizes the situation as 'well-planned and systematic massacres' by a small but trained and well-armed section of the population. This group is made up of presidential guards hand-picked by the late president Habyalimana for their extremist views. Posing as youth brigades of the ruling party, "they were armed and prepared to kill in the event of a change of government."

Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://www.perc.ca/PEN/1994-07-08/s-rwanda.html
The process of peace in Rwanda
The greatest success of the Arusha peace process is to be found in the manner in which it managed to restore trust and confidence among Rwandans of different ethnic groups — through addressing all the key areas in detail which had contributed to the conflict situation in Rwanda over decades. This was largely made possible by adopting a negotiation strategy which encouraged the parties to negotiate issues directly and in their own language with a view to achieve clear and common understanding on every issue that was negotiated.

Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No36/CrisisAndRes.html
Rwanda today
The suggestion that there has been any economic recovery in Rwanda is also false. There is more underdevelopment and more poverty in Rwanda (as well as all of sub-Saharan Africa) now than there was 10 years ago. The continent has been virtually ignored by foreign capital, accounting for just 1 percent of total world investment.
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://www.wsws.org/articles/2004/may2004/rwan-m03.shtml
Numberg war trials
In the Justice trial, American prosecutors sought to demonstrate a pattern of judicial and prosecutorial support for Nazi programs of persecution, sterilization, extermination, and other gross violations of human rights.  In order to prove an individual defendant guilty, prosecutors had to show that the defendant consciously furthered these human rights abuses.


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http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/Alstoetter.htm
The internation court of Arusha
There are a number of major reasons why the work of the Registry and the position of the Registrar at the ICTR have been most difficult.  The first is the location of the Tribunal at Arusha, Tanzania.  There are several realities here, beginning with the fact that setting up the infrastructure of a properly functioning international criminal court falls on the Registrar, more than on any other organ of such a court.  Even in the best of conditions, this is no easy task, and takes a considerable amount of time.
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://69.94.11.53/ENGLISH/speeches/adwiltonpark020202.htm
The Arusha Court
The UN decided to establish the court in Arusha, Tanzania for two main reasons: one, because they were concerned about the safety of the witnesses in Rwanda; and two, because they felt that Kigali lacked adequate resources.
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~warcrime/Rwanda/Rwanda_History_of_the_Conflict.htm
Rwanda War Crimes Tribunal
The Rwanda War Crimes Tribunal was established by November
and is now entering its 5th year of operations.   Despite severe management and
staffing problems in its early years, and despite the fact that some of these
problems persist,  the wheels of justice are beginning to churn in the
Tribunal's courtrooms in Arusha, Tanzania
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/warcrimes.htm
The Gacaca courts
The Gacaca courts were resurrected in Rwanda as an indigenous form of restorative justice. The principles and process of these courts hope to mitigate the failures of “Arusha Justice” at the tribunal and seeks to punish or reintegrate over one hundred thousands genocide suspects. Its restorative foundations require that suspects will be tried and judged by neighbours in their community. However, the revelation that Gacaca is a reconciliatory justice does not preclude its potential for inciting ethnic tension it if purports to serve as an instrument of Tutsi power.
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v8/v8i1a4.htm
The Gacaca courts
The Gacaca Court model is based on traditional Rwandan tools for resolving conflict. "Gacaca" refers to the grassy area where people would meet.


Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org/pwork/0511/051110.htm
L'arbousier
Fiche sur les caractéristiques de l'arbousier.
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http://isaisons.free.fr/arbousier.htm
La taïga
La forêt boréale ou taïga (du russe Тайга) est un biome et une formation végétale caractérisé par ses forêts boréales de conifères.
Segnalato da: Ristorto Marcello
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http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%AFga
Veld
Le mot veld (ou velt) désigne essentiellement mais pas exclusivement les larges espaces de la campagne en Afrique du Sud.
Segnalato da: Ristorto Marcello
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http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veld
La muscolatura degli arti inferiori e superiori
Struttura di un muscolo
Segnalato da: Igor Alex Vullo, Elisa Lanzini
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http://www.edurete.org/public/upload/scansione0001.jpg
La guerra en Rwanda
La guerra que el país vivió desde
1990 hasta 1994 marcó definitivamente un destino de pobreza, que hoy es más que nunca
un presente de carencias elementales, desde la sanidad hasta la educación.
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://www.archimadrid.es/alfayome/menu/pasados/revistas/2001/abr2001/num254/desdlafe/deslafe5.htm
La prairie
Description et images de la prairie canadienne.
Segnalato da: Ristorto Marcello
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http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=f1ARTf0006447
Le bison
Les bisons d'Europe
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http://www.bisoneurope.com/aventure/biologie.php
La toundra
La Toundra est un milieu non forestier. Son extension est assez modérée: côtes de l'Arctique au Canada et Alaska, côte nord de Sibérie, plateaux centraux islandais, îles de l'Arctique et littoral groenlandais.
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http://www.univ-st-etienne.fr/crenam/donnee/cours/etli/etlitoundra.htm
Le pergélisol
Qu'est-ce que le pergélisol?
Segnalato da: Ristorto Marcello
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http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/permafrost/whatis_f.php
Genocide in Rwanda
The UN Convention defines genocide as all acts committed with the intent to destroy in whole or in part a national,
ethnic, racial, or religious group. Under this definition there have been three cases of genocide this century. The Armenians
were slaughtered by the Ottoman Turks in 1915, the Jews and Gypsies exterminated by the German Nazis in WW II, and the
Tutsis sere systematically killed by Hutu extremists in 1994 (Destexhe).

Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://cghs.dade.k12.fl.us/holocaust/genocide.htm
Le genocide en Rwanda
Le génocide n’est pas le fruit d’un plan déterminé, mais la conséquence d’une idéologie de haine. Sur cette base, il faut admettre qu’il eut été possible d’intervenir pour s’y opposer. Toutefois
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
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http://www.voltairenet.org/article13506.html

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